-
9:00 AM - 18:00 PMArtabelle Furniture Making and Restoration+44 7973 269673Artabelle Furniture Making and Restoration is a company based in Portsmouth, England. They specialize in providing antique furniture restoration services, doll stores, furniture repairs, furniture and interior design, shops and shopping, and building and construction services. Their team of experts is dedicated to providing high-quality services to their clients.See more
-
9:00 AM - 17:00 PMBJM Upholstery Ltd+44 23 9282 2642BJM Upholstery Ltd is a UK-based company that specializes in providing a range of services related to upholstery and furniture. The company offers foam rubber supplies, furniture repairs, leather goods wholesale, refinishing services, and upholstery shops. In addition, BJM Upholstery Ltd also deals with materials and chemicals, building and construction, manufacturing and fabrication, furniture, and interior design. With years of experience in the industry, the company has established a reputation for providing high-quality services to its clients.See more
-
8:00 AM - 17:00 PMCVB Bespoke Furniture & Repair Services Limited+44 7562 751163CVB Bespoke Furniture & Repair Services Limited is a company based in Portsmouth, England. They specialize in furniture repairs, leather repair services, building and construction, and household services.See more
-
8:30 AM - 17:00 PMEPM Upholstery+44 7846 599558EPM Upholstery is a company based in Portsmouth, England that specializes in furniture repairs and upholstery. They are known for their expertise in building and construction, as well as furniture and interior design. With a focus on quality and customer satisfaction, EPM Upholstery is a trusted choice for those in need of furniture repairs and upholstery services.See more
-
9:00 AM - 17:30 PMMaterial Things+44 23 9231 3000Material Things is a company based in Portsmouth, England. They specialize in providing a wide range of furniture and interior design services, including awning suppliers, cane furniture stores, curtain suppliers & makers, furniture accessories, furniture repairs, lamp shade suppliers, leather goods wholesalers, sofa stores, and upholstery shops. They also offer services in building & construction, manufacturing & fabrication, and shops & shopping. Material Things is committed to providing high-quality products and services to their customers.See more
-
Furniture Repairs
in Wymering with re-upholstering
(3)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Wymering with upholstery repair
(3)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Wymering with wood refinishing
(3)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Wymering with on-site service
(2)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Wymering with re-staining
(2)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Wymering with furniture assembly
(2)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Wymering with painting
(2)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Wymering with free estimate
(2)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Wymering with custom building
(2)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Wymering with carpentry
(2)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Wymering with pick-up & delivery
(1)
Overview of Furniture Repairs as a Business Category
Furniture Repairs is a critical industry that involves repairing and restoring different kinds of furniture such as sofas, tables, chairs, cabinets, and more. It is a lucrative sector that helps homeowners and business owners to maintain the durability and functionality of their furniture. This business category encompasses both minor and major repairs, from fixing a broken leg, to refurbishing antique furniture to give it a new lease of life.
Common Types of Furniture Repairs
The common types of furniture repairs include mending broken joints and legs, fixing scratches, replacing worn-out upholstery, restoring water and fire-damaged furniture, among others. Some repairs require specialized skills and equipment, such as refinishing, which involves stripping the old finish, sanding, and applying a new coat of varnish or paint. Refurbishing, on the other hand, involves giving old furniture a new look by changing its design, color, or texture.
Benefits of Hiring a Professional Furniture Repair Service
Hiring a professional furniture repair service has numerous benefits, such as timely repairs, enhanced functionality, improved aesthetics, and cost-effective solutions. Professional repairers have the expertise and experience needed to get the job done right the first time, saving you time and money. They also use high-quality materials and modern equipment to ensure that your furniture is restored to its former glory.
Factors to Consider When Choosing a Furniture Repair Service
When choosing a furniture repair service, it is essential to consider factors such as experience, reputation, pricing, insurance, and warranty. You should look for a company that has been in the business for a while and has a solid track record of providing quality services. It is also important to get multiple quotes and compare the pricing, so you can choose a service that is affordable and within your budget. Ensure that the company has insurance coverage for any accidental damages, and offer a warranty for their repairs to give you peace of mind.
DIY Furniture Repair Tips and Tricks
There are some furniture repairs that you can do yourself, such as fixing small scratches, cleaning stains, and tightening loose screws. However, it is important to have the right tools and materials for the job, and to follow safety precautions. For instance, you can use wood filler, sandpaper, and stain markers to repair small scratches on wooden furniture, or use vinegar and baking soda to remove stains on upholstered furniture.
Cost Estimates for Furniture Repair Services
The cost of furniture repair services varies depending on the type of repair, the extent of damage, and the materials used. Minor repairs such as fixing a broken leg or replacing a loose hinge may cost less than major repairs such as refinishing or reupholstering. Some companies charge hourly rates, while others charge a flat fee. It is important to get a detailed cost estimate before hiring a repair service, so you can budget accordingly.
Importance of Regular Maintenance for Furniture
Regular maintenance of furniture is essential to keep it in good condition and extend its lifespan. This involves cleaning, dusting, polishing, and oiling the furniture to prevent wear and tear. It is also important to avoid exposing the furniture to direct sunlight, extreme temperatures, or moisture, as these can damage the wood or upholstery. Regular maintenance can help you avoid costly repairs and replacements.
Sustainability and Environmental Impact of Furniture Repairs
Furniture repairs are an environmentally friendly approach to reducing waste and preserving natural resources. By repairing and restoring furniture, we reduce the need for new furniture, which in turn reduces the demand for raw materials, energy, and transportation. Furniture repair services also use eco-friendly materials and techniques, such as water-based paints and natural adhesives, to minimize their carbon footprint.
Customer Testimonials and Reviews of Furniture Repair Services
Reading customer testimonials and reviews is an excellent way to gauge the quality of furniture repair services. Customers who have used the service before can give insight into the company's professionalism, reliability, and quality of work. You can check online review sites, social media, or ask for referrals from friends and family.
Future Trends and Innovations in Furniture Repair Industry
The furniture repair industry is constantly evolving, with new trends and innovations emerging every year. Some of the future trends in the industry include the use of digital technology to enhance repair processes, the development of sustainable and recyclable furniture, and the integration of AI and robotics to improve efficiency and accuracy in repairs. These trends are aimed at providing faster, more efficient, and eco-friendly solutions to furniture repairs.

Pick a keyword

Select location

Select category

View results!!!
-
Furniture Repairs
in Cosham
(6)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Widley
(6)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Drayton
(6)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Farlington
(6)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Havant District
(6)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Paulsgrove
(5)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Hilsea
(5)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Tipner
(5)
-
Furniture Repairs
in North End
(5)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Stamshaw
(5)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Copnor
(5)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Buckland
(5)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Landport
(5)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Baffins
(5)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Fratton
(5)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Portsea
(5)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Milton
(5)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Old Portsmouth
(5)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Eastney
(5)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Corhampton and Meonstoke
(4)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Walderton
(3)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Asdean
(3)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Purbrook
(2)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Crookhorn
(2)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Bedhampton
(2)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Fareham District
(2)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Stubbington
(2)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Titchfield
(2)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Forestside
(2)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Segensworth
(2)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Racton
(2)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Lordington
(2)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Hambrook
(2)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Park Gate
(2)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Locks Heath
(2)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Sarisbury
(2)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Southwick and Widley
(1)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Portchester
(1)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Warblington
(1)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Southsea
(1)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Emsworth
(1)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Shirrell Heath
(1)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Southbourne
(1)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Shedfield
(1)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Waltham Chase
(1)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Nutbourne
(1)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Swanmore
(1)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Droxford
(1)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Chidham
(1)
-
Furniture Repairs
in Corhampton
(1)
-
Air Duct Cleaning Services
in Wymering
(9)
-
Artificial Turfs
in Wymering
(9)
-
Bathroom Supply Stores
in Wymering
(9)
-
Building Design Companies
in Wymering
(9)
-
Building Restoration Services
in Wymering
(9)
-
Construction & Maintenance Offices
in Wymering
(9)
-
Contractors
in Wymering
(9)
-
Drainage Services
in Wymering
(9)
-
Dock Builders
in Wymering
(9)
-
Fireplace Services
in Wymering
(9)
-
Greenhouses
in Wymering
(9)
-
Interior Doors
in Wymering
(9)
-
Lawn Services
in Wymering
(9)
-
Landscape Architects
in Wymering
(9)
-
Ready Mix Concrete Suppliers
in Wymering
(9)
-
Road Construction Companies
in Wymering
(9)
-
Scaffolding Rental Services
in Wymering
(9)
-
Shopfitters
in Wymering
(9)
-
Aluminum Frames Suppliers
in Wymering
(8)
-
Awnings
in Wymering
(8)
-
Concrete Factories
in Wymering
(8)
-
Demolition Services
in Wymering
(8)
-
Finishing Materials Suppliers
in Wymering
(8)
-
Garage Door Services
in Wymering
(8)
-
Flooring Contractors
in Wymering
(8)
-
Glass & Mirror Shops
in Wymering
(8)
-
Hot Tub Stores
in Wymering
(8)
-
Iron Works
in Wymering
(8)
-
Landscapers
in Wymering
(8)
-
Mechanical Contractors
in Wymering
(8)
-
Microwave Oven Repair Services
in Wymering
(8)
-
Salvage & Reclamation Services
in Wymering
(8)
-
Solar Energy Contractors
in Wymering
(8)
-
Tiling
in Wymering
(8)
-
Barrel Suppliers
in Wymering
(7)
-
Ceramics Wholesalers
in Wymering
(7)
-
Geotechnical Engineers
in Wymering
(7)
-
Glass Cutting Services
in Wymering
(7)
-
Fountain Contractors
in Wymering
(7)
-
Home Builders
in Wymering
(7)
-
Mobile Dent Repairs
in Wymering
(7)
-
Plumbing Services
in Wymering
(7)
-
Scrap Metal Merchants
in Wymering
(7)
-
Steel Construction Companies
in Wymering
(7)
-
Sunroom Contractors
in Wymering
(7)
-
Swimming Pool Repair Services
in Wymering
(7)
-
Well Drilling Contractors
in Wymering
(7)
-
Architects
in Wymering
(6)
-
Asbestos Testing Services
in Wymering
(6)
-
Excavation Services
in Wymering
(6)
-
Floor Refinishing Services
in Wymering
(6)
-
Joinery Manufacturers
in Wymering
(6)
-
Lawn Sprinkler System Contractors
in Wymering
(6)
-
Landscape Designers
in Wymering
(6)
-
Masonry Supply Stores
in Wymering
(6)
-
Shower Door Shops
in Wymering
(6)
-
Waterproofing Companies
in Wymering
(6)
-
Wood Floor Refinishing Services
in Wymering
(6)
-
Building Consultants
in Wymering
(5)
-
Building Materials Suppliers
in Wymering
(5)
-
Building Surveyors
in Wymering
(5)
-
Fencings
in Wymering
(5)
-
Gas Installation Services
in Wymering
(5)
-
Gasket Manufacturers
in Wymering
(5)
-
Furniture Assembly Services
in Wymering
(5)
-
Golf Course Builders
in Wymering
(5)
-
Kitchen Planning & Installation Services
in Wymering
(5)
-
Loft Conversion Services
in Wymering
(5)
-
Patio Enclosure Suppliers
in Wymering
(5)
-
Plasterer Services
in Wymering
(5)
-
Scrap Yards
in Wymering
(5)
-
Scaffolding Services
in Wymering
(5)
-
Shed Builders
in Wymering
(5)
-
Steel Stockholders
in Wymering
(5)
-
Stone Cutters
in Wymering
(5)
-
Swimming Pool Contractors
in Wymering
(5)
-
Trade Fair Construction Companies
in Wymering
(5)
-
Window Repairs
in Wymering
(5)
-
Aerial Photographers
in Wymering
(4)
-
Artificial Plant Suppliers
in Wymering
(4)
-
Bathroom Remodelers
in Wymering
(4)
-
Carpet Installers
in Wymering
(4)
-
Door Suppliers
in Wymering
(4)
-
Door Manufacturers
in Wymering
(4)
-
Firewood
in Wymering
(4)
-
Garage Builders
in Wymering
(4)
-
Flooring Stores
in Wymering
(4)
-
Gutter Services
in Wymering
(4)
-
Guttering Services
in Wymering
(4)
-
Hot Water System Suppliers
in Wymering
(4)
-
Interior Fitting Contractors
in Wymering
(4)
-
Lighting Consultants
in Wymering
(4)
-
Millwork Shops
in Wymering
(4)
-
Paint Stripping Companies
in Wymering
(4)
-
Structural Engineers
in Wymering
(4)
-
Plasterers
in Wymering
(34)
-
Waterproofing
in Wymering
(33)
-
Garage Services
in Wymering
(32)
-
Asphalt Contractors
in Wymering
(31)
-
Countertop Contractors
in Wymering
(31)
-
Backflow Services
in Wymering
(3)
-
Basketball Court Contractors
in Wymering
(3)
-
Chimney Sweeps
in Wymering
(3)
-
Decks & Railings
in Wymering
(3)
-
Fence Supply Stores
in Wymering
(3)
-
Fireplace Stores
in Wymering
(3)
-
Floor Sanding & Polishing Services
in Wymering
(3)
-
Glass Repair Services
in Wymering
(3)
-
Marble Suppliers
in Wymering
(3)
-
Metal Heat Treating Services
in Wymering
(3)
-
Metal Working Shops
in Wymering
(3)
-
Office Refurbishment Services
in Wymering
(3)
-
Ready Mixed Concretes
in Wymering
(3)
-
Roofing Supply Stores
in Wymering
(3)
-
Sidings
in Wymering
(3)
-
Stucco Contractors
in Wymering
(3)
-
Tile Manufacturers
in Wymering
(3)
-
Wood & Laminate Flooring Suppliers
in Wymering
(3)
-
Skylight Contractors
in Wymering
(28)
-
Fiberglass Suppliers
in Wymering
(27)
-
Joiners
in Wymering
(27)
-
Plywood Suppliers
in Wymering
(27)
-
Roofing Services
in Wymering
(27)
-
Foundation Repairs
in Wymering
(26)
-
Mechanics
in Wymering
(26)
-
Plast Window Stores
in Wymering
(26)
-
Asbestos Removals
in Wymering
(25)
-
General Contractors
in Wymering
(24)
-
Neon Sign Shops
in Wymering
(24)
-
Wallpapering
in Wymering
(24)
-
Carpet Fitters
in Wymering
(23)
-
Gasfitters
in Wymering
(23)
-
Scaffolding Erection Services
in Wymering
(23)
-
Cement Suppliers
in Wymering
(22)
-
Iron Steel Contractors
in Wymering
(22)
-
Railing Contractors
in Wymering
(22)
-
Building Firms
in Wymering
(21)
-
Excavating Contractors
in Wymering
(21)
-
Boiler Services & Repairs
in Wymering
(20)
-
Double Glazing Installers
in Wymering
(20)
-
Insulation Contractors
in Wymering
(20)
-
Paving Materials Suppliers
in Wymering
(20)
-
Scaffolders
in Wymering
(20)
-
Sheet Metal Contractors
in Wymering
(20)
-
Window Installation Services
in Wymering
(20)
-
Asphalt Mixing Plants
in Wymering
(2)
-
Carpet Installation Services
in Wymering
(2)
-
Carpet Manufacturers
in Wymering
(2)
-
Concrete Metal Framework Suppliers
in Wymering
(2)
-
Countertop Stores
in Wymering
(2)
-
Door Warehouses
in Wymering
(2)
-
Dry Wall Supply Stores
in Wymering
(2)
-
Earth Works Companies
in Wymering
(2)
-
Elevator Services
in Wymering
(2)
-
Fencing Services
in Wymering
(2)
-
Firewood Suppliers
in Wymering
(2)
-
Gardening
in Wymering
(2)
-
Gazebo Builders
in Wymering
(2)
-
Landscape Lighting Designers
in Wymering
(2)
-
Landscape Architect Or Designers
in Wymering
(2)
-
Marquee Hire Services
in Wymering
(2)
-
Metal Stamping Services
in Wymering
(2)
-
Paving Contractors
in Wymering
(2)
-
Portable Toilet Suppliers
in Wymering
(2)
-
Prefabricated House Companies
in Wymering
(2)
-
Remodelers
in Wymering
(2)
-
Septic System Services
in Wymering
(2)
-
Sewage Treatment Plants
in Wymering
(2)
-
Truss Manufacturers
in Wymering
(2)
-
Wood Frame Suppliers
in Wymering
(2)
-
Aluminum Windows
in Wymering
(19)
-
Brick Manufacturers
in Wymering
(19)
-
Door Shops
in Wymering
(19)
-
Demolition Contractors
in Wymering
(19)
-
Electricians
in Wymering
(19)
-
Gas Engineers
in Wymering
(19)
-
Fortresses
in Wymering
(19)
-
Kitchen Remodelers
in Wymering
(19)
-
Groundwork Contractors
in Wymering
(18)
-
Home Window Tintings
in Wymering
(18)
-
Metal Construction Companies
in Wymering
(18)
-
Patio Coverings
in Wymering
(18)
-
Railroad Ties Suppliers
in Wymering
(18)
-
Ceramic Manufacturers
in Wymering
(17)
-
Construction Companies
in Wymering
(17)
-
Countertop Installations
in Wymering
(17)
-
Garages
in Wymering
(17)
-
Gas Logs Suppliers
in Wymering
(17)
-
Insulation Installations
in Wymering
(17)
-
Sewage Disposal Services
in Wymering
(17)
-
Air Conditioning Contractors
in Wymering
(16)
-
Carpenters
in Wymering
(16)
-
Gas Stations
in Wymering
(16)
-
Metal Finishers
in Wymering
(16)
-
Masonry Contractors
in Wymering
(16)
-
Pvc Windows Suppliers
in Wymering
(16)
-
Siding Contractors
in Wymering
(16)
-
Stove Builders
in Wymering
(16)
-
Arborists & Tree Surgeons
in Wymering
(15)
-
Chimney Services
in Wymering
(15)
-
Drilling Contractors
in Wymering
(15)
-
Electrical Installation Services
in Wymering
(15)
-
Glass Shops
in Wymering
(15)
-
Hot Tub Repair Services
in Wymering
(15)
-
Sand Plants
in Wymering
(15)
-
Retaining Wall Suppliers
in Wymering
(15)
-
Window Suppliers
in Wymering
(15)
-
Builders
in Wymering
(14)
-
Crushed Stone Suppliers
in Wymering
(14)
-
Door Sales & Installation Services
in Wymering
(14)
-
Engineerings
in Wymering
(14)
-
Glass Suppliers
in Wymering
(14)
-
Furniture Repair & Restoration Services
in Wymering
(14)
-
Metal Fabricators
in Wymering
(14)
-
Painters
in Wymering
(14)
-
Reclamation Centres
in Wymering
(14)
-
Roof Inspection Services
in Wymering
(14)
-
Auditoriums
in Wymering
(13)
-
Bricklayers
in Wymering
(13)
-
Bathroom Design & Installations
in Wymering
(13)
-
Concrete Product Suppliers
in Wymering
(13)
-
Damp Proofings
in Wymering
(13)
-
Double Glazing Repairs
in Wymering
(13)
-
Deck Builders
in Wymering
(13)
-
Heating Equipment Suppliers
in Wymering
(13)
-
Waterproofing Services
in Wymering
(13)
-
Interior Construction Contractors
in Wymering
(13)
-
Metal Polishing Services
in Wymering
(13)
-
Monument Makers
in Wymering
(13)
-
Paving & Driveways
in Wymering
(13)
-
Roof Repair Services
in Wymering
(13)
-
Roofing Contractors
in Wymering
(13)
-
Awning Suppliers
in Wymering
(12)
-
Cement Manufacturers
in Wymering
(12)
-
Carpenters & Joiners
in Wymering
(12)
-
Fence Contractors
in Wymering
(12)
-
Gardens
in Wymering
(12)
-
Grout Services
in Wymering
(12)
-
Heating Contractors
in Wymering
(12)
-
Lighting Contractors
in Wymering
(12)
-
Marble Contractors
in Wymering
(12)
-
Metal Processing Companies
in Wymering
(12)
-
Modular Home Dealers
in Wymering
(12)
-
Pipe Suppliers
in Wymering
(12)
-
Powder Coating Services
in Wymering
(12)
-
Sand & Gravel Suppliers
in Wymering
(12)
-
Stair Contractors
in Wymering
(12)
-
Blast Cleaning Services
in Wymering
(11)
-
Flooring
in Wymering
(11)
-
Gas Shops
in Wymering
(11)
-
Glass Merchants
in Wymering
(11)
-
Gypsum Product Suppliers
in Wymering
(11)
-
Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning Contractors
in Wymering
(11)
-
Landscaping Services
in Wymering
(11)
-
Metal Workshops
in Wymering
(11)
-
Skip Hires
in Wymering
(11)
-
Steel Erectors
in Wymering
(11)
-
Tile Contractors
in Wymering
(11)
-
Surveyors
in Wymering
(11)
-
Air Conditioning Repair Services
in Wymering
(10)
-
Builders' Merchants
in Wymering
(10)
-
Building Equipment Hire Services
in Wymering
(10)
-
Building Materials Stores
in Wymering
(10)
-
Ceiling Suppliers
in Wymering
(10)
-
Concrete Contractors
in Wymering
(10)
-
Dumpster Rentals
in Wymering
(10)
-
Fiberglass Repair Services
in Wymering
(10)
-
Garden Building Suppliers
in Wymering
(10)
-
Gardeners
in Wymering
(10)
-
Modular Home Builders
in Wymering
(10)
-
Painters & Decorators
in Wymering
(10)
-
Plumbers' Merchant Services
in Wymering
(10)
-
Pond Contractors
in Wymering
(10)
-
Refinishing Services
in Wymering
(10)
-
Stall Installation Services
in Wymering
(10)
-
Steelwork Design Companies
in Wymering
(10)
-
Assembly Rooms
in Wymering
(1)
-
Acoustical Consultants
in Wymering
(1)
-
Architecture Firms
in Wymering
(1)
-
Bark Suppliers
in Wymering
(1)
-
Bridges
in Wymering
(1)
-
Carpet Wholesalers
in Wymering
(1)
-
Conservatory Construction Contractors
in Wymering
(1)
-
Custom Home Builders
in Wymering
(1)
-
Dry Wall Contractors
in Wymering
(1)
-
Fences & Gates
in Wymering
(1)
-
Fireplaces
in Wymering
(1)
-
Garage Door Suppliers
in Wymering
(1)
-
Flooring Services
in Wymering
(1)
-
Garage Doors
in Wymering
(1)
-
Glass & Mirrors
in Wymering
(1)
-
Furniture Reupholstery Services
in Wymering
(1)
-
Height Works
in Wymering
(1)
-
Kitchen Services
in Wymering
(1)
-
Log Home Builders
in Wymering
(1)
-
Mausoleum Builders
in Wymering
(1)
-
Pile Drivers
in Wymering
(1)
-
Rainwater Tank Suppliers
in Wymering
(1)
-
Quarries
in Wymering
(1)
-
Sandblasting Services
in Wymering
(1)
-
Stucco Services
in Wymering
(1)
-
Tennis Court Construction Companies
in Wymering
(1)
-
Wood Floor Installation Services
in Wymering
(1)